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This lab was originally created by Jeff Reinbolt, B.J. Fregly, Clay Anderson, Allison Arnold, Silvia Blemker, Darryl Thelen, and Scott Delp using torque actuators. Daniel Jacobs contributed to improving and refining the example.

Model

More details about how the models were constructed can be found on the Gait 2392 and 2354 Models page in the Musculoskeletal Models section.

Background

Dynamic models of the musculoskeletal system typically consist of four important components:

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Muscle–Tendon Mechanics

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If you are completing this example as a laboratory exercise for a course on human movement, you will need to submit answers to the questions on the Questions: Optimal Jump Performance page.

References

1. Anderson, F.C., Pandy, M.G. (1999). A dynamic optimization solution for vertical jumping in three dimensions. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2(3):201–231.
2. Arnold, A.S., Salinas, S., Asakawa, D.J., Delp, S.L. (2000). Accuracy of muscle moment arms estimated from MRI-based musculoskeletal models of the lower extremity. Computer Aided Surgery, 5(2):108–119.
3. Atkinson, L.V., Harley, P.J., Hudson, J.D. (1989). Numerical Methods with FORTRAN 77: A Practical Introduction. Addison–Wesley Publishing Company, Menlo Park.
4. Delp, S.L., Loan, J.P., Hoy, M.G., Zajac, F.E., Topp, E.L., Rosen, J.M. (1990). An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 37(8):757–767.
5. Garner, B.A., Pandy, M.G. (2000). The obstacle-set method for representing muscle paths in musculoskeletal models. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 3(1):1–30.
6. Guyton, A.C. (1986). Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
7. Hatze, H. (1976). The complete optimization of a human motion. Mathematical Biosciences, 28(1–2):99–135.
8. McMahon, T.A. (1984). Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
9. Symbolic Dynamics, Inc. (1996). SD/FAST User’s Manual, Version B.2. Mountain View.
10. Van der Helm, F.C.T., Veeger, H.E.J., Pronk, G.M., Van der Woude, L.H.V., Rozendal, R.H. (1992). Geometry parameters for musculoskeletal modeling of the shoulder system. Journal of Biomechanics, 2:129–144.
11. Zajac, F.E. (1989). Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (Edited by JR Bourne), 17(4):359–411.
12. Hunt, K.H., Crossley, F.R.E. (1975). Coefficient of restitution interpreted as damping in vibroimpact. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 42(2):440–445.

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