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The Lower Limb Extremity Model 2010 (Arnold 2009) is a three-dimensional computer model of the lower limb extremity that can be examined and analyzed in OpenSim, a freely available biomechanics simulation application. The model includes geometric representation of the bones, kinematic descriptions of the joints, and Hill-type models for 44 muscle-tendon compartments in the lower limb extremity.
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All inertial parameters for the model are scaled by a factor of 1.05626 from those reported by Anderson and Pandy (1999). Table 2 summarizes the mass and moments of inertia for each body segment in the Lower Extremity Model 2010.
Body segment | Mass (kg) | Moments of inertia | ||
xx | yy | zz
| ||
Torso ** | 34.2366 26.8266 | 1.4745 1.4745 | 0.7555 0.7555 | 1.4314 1.4314 |
Pelvis | 11.777 | 0.1028 | 0.0871 | 0.0579 |
Right femur | 9.3014 | 0.1339 | 0.0351 | 0.1412 |
Right tibia | 3.7075 | 0.0504 | 0.0051 | 0.0511 |
Right patella | 0.0862 | 0.00000287 | 0.00001311 | 0.00001311 |
Right talus | 0.1000 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 |
Right calcaneus | 1.250 | 0.0014 | 0.0039 | 0.0041 |
Right toe | 0.2166 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 |
Left femur | 9.3014 | 0.1339 | 0.0351 | 0.1412 |
Left tibia | 3.7075 | 0.0504 | 0.0051 | 0.0511 |
Left patella | 0.0862 | 0.00000287 | 0.00001311 | 0.00001311 |
Left talus | 0.1000 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 |
Left calcaneus | 1.250 | 0.0014 | 0.0039 | 0.0041 |
Left toe | 0.2166 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 |
Right humerus * | 2.0325 | 0.011946 | 0.004121 | 0.013409 |
Right ulna * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Right radius * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Right hand * | 0.4575 | 0.000892 | 0.000547 | 0.00134 |
Left humerus * | 2.0325 | 0.011946 | 0.004121 | 0.013409 |
Left ulna * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Left radius * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Left hand * | 0.4575 | 0.000892 | 0.000547 | 0.00134 |
Table 2: Inertial parameters for the body segments included in the model
* These segments are included only in the version with simple arms.
** The top number corresponds to the value used in the version without arms. The bottom number corresponds to the value used in the version with arms.
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Delp, S.L. and Loan, J.P.: A software system to develop and analyze models of musculoskeletal structures, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25, pp. 21-34, 1995.
Publications specifying how the kinematic and dynamic properties of the model are defined:
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Zajac, Muscle and tendon: Properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control, in CRC reviews in biomedical engineering vol.17, issue 4, pp. 359-411, 1989.
Publications featuring the experimental data from which the model is developed:
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Wickiewicz, T. L., R. R. Roy, P. L. Powell, and V. R. Edgerton. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin. Orthop. 179:275–283, 1983.
Publications that test different features of the model:
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Fukunaga, T., R. R. Roy, F. G. Shellock, J. A. Hodgson, and V. R. Edgerton. Specific tension of human plantar flexors and dorsiflexors. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:158–165, 1996.
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