| Tip |
|---|
The Lower Limb Extremity Model 2010 (Arnold 2009) is a three-dimensional computer model of the lower limb extremity that can be examined and analyzed in OpenSim, a freely available biomechanics simulation application. The model includes geometric representation of the bones, kinematic descriptions of the joints, and Hill-type models for 44 muscle-tendon compartments in the lower limb extremity.
...
All inertial parameters for the model are scaled by a factor of 1.05626 from those reported by Anderson and Pandy (1999). Table 2 summarizes the mass and moments of inertia for each body segment in the Lower Extremity Model 2010.
Body segment | Mass (kg) | Moments of inertia | ||
xx | yy | zz
| ||
Torso ** | 34.2366 26.8266 | 1.4745 1.4745 | 0.7555 0.7555 | 1.4314 1.4314 |
Pelvis | 11.777 | 0.1028 | 0.0871 | 0.0579 |
Right femur | 9.3014 | 0.1339 | 0.0351 | 0.1412 |
Right tibia | 3.7075 | 0.0504 | 0.0051 | 0.0511 |
Right patella | 0.0862 | 0.00000287 | 0.00001311 | 0.00001311 |
Right talus | 0.1000 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 |
Right calcaneus | 1.250 | 0.0014 | 0.0039 | 0.0041 |
Right toe | 0.2166 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 |
Left femur | 9.3014 | 0.1339 | 0.0351 | 0.1412 |
Left tibia | 3.7075 | 0.0504 | 0.0051 | 0.0511 |
Left patella | 0.0862 | 0.00000287 | 0.00001311 | 0.00001311 |
Left talus | 0.1000 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 |
Left calcaneus | 1.250 | 0.0014 | 0.0039 | 0.0041 |
Left toe | 0.2166 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 |
Right humerus * | 2.0325 | 0.011946 | 0.004121 | 0.013409 |
Right ulna * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Right radius * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Right hand * | 0.4575 | 0.000892 | 0.000547 | 0.00134 |
Left humerus * | 2.0325 | 0.011946 | 0.004121 | 0.013409 |
Left ulna * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Left radius * | 0.6075 | 0.002962 | 0.000618 | 0.003213 |
Left hand * | 0.4575 | 0.000892 | 0.000547 | 0.00134 |
Table 2: Inertial parameters for the body segments included in the model
* These segments are included only in the version with simple arms.
** The top number corresponds to the value used in the version without arms. The bottom number corresponds to the value used in the version with arms.
...
Delp, S.L. and Loan, J.P.: A software system to develop and analyze models of musculoskeletal structures, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25, pp. 21-34, 1995.
Publications specifying how the kinematic and dynamic properties of the model are defined:
...
Zajac, Muscle and tendon: Properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control, in CRC reviews in biomedical engineering vol.17, issue 4, pp. 359-411, 1989.
Publications featuring the experimental data from which the model is developed:
...
Wickiewicz, T. L., R. R. Roy, P. L. Powell, and V. R. Edgerton. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin. Orthop. 179:275–283, 1983.
Publications that test different features of the model:
...
Fukunaga, T., R. R. Roy, F. G. Shellock, J. A. Hodgson, and V. R. Edgerton. Specific tension of human plantar flexors and dorsiflexors. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:158–165, 1996.
...